E.g., 07/09/2026
E.g., 07/09/2026
Illegal Immigration & Interior Enforcement

Illegal Immigration & Interior Enforcement

_IllegalImm+IntEnforcement

lllegal immigration is a phenomenon confronted by many major immigrant-receiving countries, one that vexes policymakers and publics alike. While much of the focus may be on border enforcement, there are an array of interior enforcement policies aimed at identifying unauthorized immigrants for removal, including worksite enforcement, employment verification, jail-house screening, and state and local law enforcement activity. The research below delves into many facets of illegal immigration and enforcement occcuring away from national borders.

Recent Activity

Una mujer con gafas
Articles
Cover image for Beyond Control Signalling
Reports
July 2026
By  Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan, Meghan Benton and Abigail Goldfarb
A woman with glasses
Articles
After being stranded in Libya, migrant from Senegal returns with help from IOM
Short Reads
June 2026
By  Camille Le Coz and Ravenna Sohst
Cover image for Reconstruyendo vidas en Guatemala
Reports
June 2026
By  Ariel G. Ruiz Soto, María Jesús Mora and Diego Chaves-González
Cover image for Rebuilding Lives in Guatemala
Reports
June 2026
By  Ariel G. Ruiz Soto, María Jesús Mora and Diego Chaves-González
A small boat flying the Turkish flag moving through the sea.
Articles
Cover image for Beyond Control Signalling
Reports
July 2026
By  Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan, Meghan Benton and Abigail Goldfarb
Cover image for Reconstruyendo vidas en Guatemala
Reports
June 2026
By  Ariel G. Ruiz Soto, María Jesús Mora and Diego Chaves-González
Cover image for Rebuilding Lives in Guatemala
Reports
June 2026
By  Ariel G. Ruiz Soto, María Jesús Mora and Diego Chaves-González
Cover image for Rooted in the Valley
Reports
May 2026
By  Valerie Lacarte, Michael Fix and Allison Rutland
Cover image for From Exile to Return
Reports
April 2026
By  Samuel Davidoff-Gore and Susan Fratzke
Cover image for Breaking the Cycle of Dysfunction at the U.S. Immigration Courts
Policy Briefs
November 2025
By  Kathleen Bush-Joseph, Doris Meissner and Muzaffar Chishti
A woman with glasses

Spain's offer of legal status to a record number of irregular migrants, most of them from the Western Hemisphere, stands in contrast to the policy approaches in Latin America, where many previous regularization initiatives have ended or were closed to new entrants. This article examines the 2026 regularization in Spain, and the ramifications for Latin America.

Una mujer con gafas

La regularización extraordinaria que España llevará a cabo en 2026 podría otorgar estatus legal a un número récord de migrantes en situación irregular, la mayoría de ellos procedentes de América Latina. Este artículo examina la regularización en España, sus posibles repercusiones y las consecuencias para América Latina.

A small boat flying the Turkish flag moving through the sea.

Previously niche strategies of recruiting partner countries to help manage irregular migration have become mainstream. Governments in multiple migrant-receiving countries have engaged other countries to screen, detain, remove, or otherwise transfer migrants elsewhere—in effect pushing the border outwards. While some externalization approaches have been criticized, the range of models is more nuanced than is commonly understood.

A woman wearing scrubs in a health-care setting reviews a chart

The Trump administration is seeking to all but eliminate Temporary Protected Status (TPS), a humanitarian safeguard for U.S.-resident noncitizens whose home countries were too dangerous or unstable for return. While critics say the term "temporary" has been stretched beyond recognition, TPS has become a mainstay. This article examines the history and use of TPS, the debate over its future, and holders of the status. 

The backs of two people on a motorbike; above them a sign notes the Guatemala border

Migration patterns from and through Central America are changing in fundamental ways amid rising immigration enforcement and a reduction in global humanitarian aid. These twin developments are putting new pressures on governments in the region and reshaping migrant experiences, as this article explores.

After being stranded in Libya, migrant from Senegal returns with help from IOM
Short Reads
June 2026
By  Camille Le Coz and Ravenna Sohst
Male and female business professionals gathered at a conference table
Short Reads
May 2026
By  Julia Gelatt, Doris Meissner and Andrew Selee
Venezuelan migrants in Guayaquil, Ecuador
Short Reads
February 2026
By  Diego Chaves-González
Venezuelan immigrant registers in Ecuador
Short Reads
November 2025
By  Diego Chaves-González
Graphic representation of law enforcement personnel taking individuals into custody
Explainers
February 2025

Immigration enforcement takes place both at U.S. borders and in the nation’s interior. This explainer answers common questions about how U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement works within the U.S. interior, identifying people for arrest, detention, and removal through the criminal justice pipeline as well as through operations at worksites and within U.S. communities.

Graphic representation of law enforcement personnel taking individuals into custody
Explainers
February 2025

El control migratorio en los Estados Unidos se lleva a cabo en sus fronteras, así como en el interior del país. Esta guía informática tiene respuestas a preguntas comunes sobre la función del Servicio de Inmigración y Control de Aduanas (ICE, por sus siglas en inglés) de EE. UU., en la identificación de personas para arresto, detención, y deportación a través del sistema de justicia penal y las operaciones en lugares de trabajo y dentro de comunidades estadounidenses.

Colorful illustration of people of many different backgrounds
Explainers
October 2024

With immigration a central focus in U.S. public and policy conversations, it is useful to have a solid understanding of the foreign-born population. This explainer offers statistics on the immigrant population’s size, origins, places of U.S. settlement, and pathways of arrival. It also looks at legal statuses, which have been a topic of significant public interest and confusion. More than three-quarters of all immigrants in United States are here legally.

A line drawing of a city landscape with people
Explainers
October 2024

Other than refugees, noncitizens in the United States face significant restrictions on access to federally funded public benefits, including programs such as Medicaid, food stamps, and cash assistance programs. This is particularly the case for unauthorized immigrants, who except in very limited circumstances are barred from all federally funded public benefits, as our explainer details.

Election-themed geometric pattern in red and blue
Explainers
September 2024

Are noncitizens voting in U.S. elections? What is the process for verifying that someone is eligible to vote? This explainer answers basic questions and addresses misconceptions about voting by unauthorized immigrants and other noncitizens—which audits by elections officials and independent research have demonstrated is extremely rare.

Expert Q&A, Audio
June 2, 2026

FIFA World Cup 2026 arrives amid stricter U.S. immigration policies that are limiting access for fans from dozens of countries. This World of Migration episode features sports journalist Albert Samaha on what the intersection of sports and immigration at the World Cup, including visa barriers and stepped-up enforcement, could mean, including for the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Expert Q&A, Audio
May 18, 2026

Cuba's collapsing economy and shrinking immigration pathways to the United States are redirecting Cuban migration flows across the Americas, as this World of Migration episode explores with María José Espinosa Carrillo, Executive Director of the Center for Engagement and Advocacy in the Americas (CEDA).

Expert Q&A, Audio
April 2, 2026

Why has immigration become so politically divisive—and why is it so difficult for governments to design policies that satisfy both public concerns and economic needs?

Image of gavel
Video, Audio
November 24, 2025

Featuring findings from a MPI policy brief, this discussion examines how the immigration courts have reached a point of crisis, the policies of the current administration and its predecessor touching upon the courts, and what administrative and legislative reforms are needed to transform the system. 

Afghan Resettlement Programme
Video
September 10, 2025

This discussion, held in Berlin in collaboration with the Robert Bosch Stiftung, examines the relationship between migration policy, integration approaches, public trust, and democratic resilience in Europe and beyond.

Recent Activity

Articles

La regularización extraordinaria que España llevará a cabo en 2026 podría otorgar estatus legal a un número récord de migrantes en situación irregular, la mayoría de ellos procedentes de América Latina. Este artículo examina la regularización en España, sus posibles repercusiones y las consecuencias para América Latina.

Reports
July 2026

In many high-income countries, governments are scrambling to prove they are in control of immigration by tightening the rules on who can enter and stay. While some policies signal toughness, they do not necessarily improve outcomes for either local communities or migrants. This report examines ways to rebuild public trust through integration policy reforms that go beyond control signaling.

Articles

Spain's offer of legal status to a record number of irregular migrants, most of them from the Western Hemisphere, stands in contrast to the policy approaches in Latin America, where many previous regularization initiatives have ended or were closed to new entrants. This article examines the 2026 regularization in Spain, and the ramifications for Latin America.

Short Reads
June 2026

EU policymakers are under mounting pressure to increase returns, yet the reintegration of returnees remains a politically overlooked dimension. This short read examines the fragmented landscape of assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) programs, the limits of current approaches, and how a more coherent European framework—anchored in local institutions and development partnerships—could better serve both returnees as well as origin and destination countries.

Reports
June 2026

El perfil de los migrantes guatemaltecos que están siendo forzados a retornar a Guatemala ha mostrado señales de cambio. Con frecuencia los migrantes retornados han permanecido fuera del país por períodos más prolongados y han establecido raíces en el extranjero. Este informe analiza las oportunidades para fortalecer los servicios de reintegración, dadas las características cambiantes de los migrantes retornados.

Reports
June 2026

The profile of Guatemalans forcibly returned to Guatemala is shifting, with returnees often having been outside of the country for longer periods and establishing roots abroad. This report examines opportunities to strengthen reintegration services, given the changing characteristics of returnees.

Articles

Previously niche strategies of recruiting partner countries to help manage irregular migration have become mainstream. Governments in multiple migrant-receiving countries have engaged other countries to screen, detain, remove, or otherwise transfer migrants elsewhere—in effect pushing the border outwards. While some externalization approaches have been criticized, the range of models is more nuanced than is commonly understood.

Expert Q&A, Audio
June 2, 2026

FIFA World Cup 2026 arrives amid stricter U.S. immigration policies that are limiting access for fans from dozens of countries. This World of Migration episode features sports journalist Albert Samaha on what the intersection of sports and immigration at the World Cup, including visa barriers and stepped-up enforcement, could mean, including for the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.