E.g., 06/04/2026
E.g., 06/04/2026

State Language Data - KY

 
Kentucky
United States
Language & Education
2024
2024
English Proficiency Foreign Born
English Proficiency (age 5 and older) (%) 234,252
Speak only English 16.5%
Speak English "very well" 31.8%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 51.7%
Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population: Change over Time  
% change: 2000-2024 263.8%
% change: 1990-2000 294.4%
English Proficiency of the Foreign Born by U.S. Citizenship Status (age 5 and older)*  
Naturalized citizens 88,364
Speak only English 25.1%
Speak English "very well" 42.9%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 32%
Noncitizens 145,888
Speak only English 11.3%
Speak English "very well" 25%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 63.7%
U.S. Born
English Proficiency (age 5 and older) (%) 4,092,595
Speak only English 96.8%
Speak English ""very well"" 2.6%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 0.6%
Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population: Change over Time  
% change: 2000-2011 -2.7%
% change: 1990-2000 21.6%
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
English Proficiency Foreign Born
English Proficiency (age 5 and older) (%) 49,828,046
Speak only English 16.3%
Speak English "very well" 36.6%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 47.1%
Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population: Change over Time  
% change: 2000-2019 49.7%
% change: 1990-2000 71.8%
English Proficiency of the Foreign Born by U.S. Citizenship Status (age 5 and older)*  
Naturalized citizens 25,786,696
Speak only English 20.6%
Speak English "very well" 42.8%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 36.6%
Noncitizens 24,041,350
Speak only English 11.7%
Speak English "very well" 29.9%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 58.4%
U.S. Born
English Proficiency (age 5 and older) (%) 271,917,897
Speak only English 88.1%
Speak English ""very well"" 9.9%
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 2.0%
Limited English Proficient (LEP) Population: Change over Time  
% change: 2000-2011 -3.4%
% change: 1990-2000 17.6%
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
Population (age 5 and older)
Population (age 5 and older)
Language Spoken at Home (by age and English proficiency) Number
Ages 5-17 758,686
Speak only English 691,934
Speak language other than English 66,752
Speak English "very well"
45,450
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
21,302
Speak Spanish 37,391
Speak English "very well"
26,421
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
10,970
Ages 18-64 2,742,311
Speak only English 2,507,335
Speak language other than English 234,976
Speak English "very well"
123,035
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
111,941
Speak Spanish 117,023
Speak English "very well"
54,159
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
62,864
65 and Older 825,850
Speak only English 801,814
Speak language other than English 24,036
Speak English "very well"
11,225
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
12,811
Speak Spanish 7,780
Speak English "very well"
3,600
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
4,180
%
65 and Older 100%
Speak only English 91.2%
Speak language other than English 8.8%
Speak English "very well" 6.0%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 2.8%
Speak Spanish 4.9%
Speak English "very well" 3.5%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 1.4%
Ages 18-64 100%
Speak only English 91.4%
Speak language other than English 8.6%
Speak English "very well" 4.5%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 4.1%
Speak Spanish 4.3%
Speak English "very well" 2.0%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 2.3%
Ages 5-17 100%
Speak only English 97.1%
Speak language other than English 2.9%
Speak English "very well" 1.4%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 1.6%
Speak Spanish 0.9%
Speak English "very well" 0.4%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 0.5%
Language Spoken at Home (by age and English proficiency) Number
Ages 5-17 54,564,265
Speak only English 42,535,284
Speak language other than English 12,028,981
Speak English "very well"
9,135,742
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
2,893,239
Speak Spanish 8,180,233
Speak English "very well"
6,197,548
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
1,982,685
Ages 18-64 205,936,395
Speak only English 153,806,200
Speak language other than English 52,130,195
Speak English "very well"
31,670,049
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
20,460,146
Speak Spanish 31,758,986
Speak English "very well"
18,188,756
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
13,570,230
65 and Older 61,245,283
Speak only English 51,353,626
Speak language other than English 9,891,657
Speak English "very well"
4,326,294
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
5,565,363
Speak Spanish 4,928,480
Speak English "very well"
2,049,174
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP)
2,879,306
%
65 and Older 100%
Speak only English 78.0%
Speak language other than English 22.0%
Speak English "very well" 16.7%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 5.3%
Speak Spanish 15.0%
Speak English "very well" 11.4%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 3.6%
Ages 18-64 100%
Speak only English 74.7%
Speak language other than English 25.3%
Speak English "very well" 15.4%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 9.9%
Speak Spanish 15.4%
Speak English "very well" 8.8%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 6.6%
Ages 5-17 100%
Speak only English 83.8%
Speak language other than English 16.2%
Speak English "very well" 7.1%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 9.1%
Speak Spanish 8.0%
Speak English "very well" 3.3%
Speak English less than "very well" (LEP) 4.7%
 
Population (age 5 and older)
Population (age 5 and older)
Language Spoken at Home (detailed, by English proficiency) Number
Total Household Population, Age 5 and Older 4,326,847
Speak only English 4,001,083
Speak language other than English 325,764
Spanish 162,194
Speak English "very well" 84,180
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 78,014
French (Including Cajun) 9,007
Speak English "very well" 6,516
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 2,491
Haitian 2,529
Speak English "very well" 478
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 2,051
Italian 655
Speak English "very well" 559
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 96
Portuguese 2,709
Speak English "very well" 2,141
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 568
German 14,487
Speak English "very well" 12,715
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 1,772
Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages 13,076
Speak English "very well" 8,905
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 4,171
Russian 2,877
Speak English "very well" 2,585
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 292
Polish 423
Speak English "very well" 423
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) N
Other Slavic Languages 10,468
Speak English "very well" 5,567
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 4,901
Armenian N
Speak English "very well" N
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) N
Persian (including Farsi, Dari) 1,874
Speak English "very well" 1,305
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 569
Gujarati 5,171
Speak English "very well" 3,169
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 2,002
Hindi 3,261
Speak English "very well" 1,629
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 1,632
Urdu 2,341
Speak English "very well" 1,834
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 507
Punjabi 634
Speak English "very well" N
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 634
Bengali 1,585
Speak English "very well" 640
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 945
Nepali, Marathi, or Other Indic Languages 7,819
Speak English "very well" 3,805
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 4,014
Other Indo-European Languages 4,789
Speak English "very well" 1,716
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 3,073
Telugu 1,827
Speak English "very well" 1,381
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 446
Tamil 1,470
Speak English "very well" 1,158
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 312
Malayalam, Kannada, or Other Dravidian Languages 528
Speak English "very well" 528
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) N
Chinese (including Mandarin, Cantonese) 5,796
Speak English "very well" 3,614
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 2,182
Japanese 6,749
Speak English "very well" 2,489
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 4,260
Korean 2,276
Speak English "very well" 1,272
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 1,004
Hmong N
Speak English "very well" N
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) N
Vietnamese 5,788
Speak English "very well" 2,284
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 3,504
Khmer 2,313
Speak English "very well" 962
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 1,351
Thai, Lao, or Other Tai-Kadai Languages 825
Speak English "very well" 204
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 621
Other Languages of Asia 8,598
Speak English "very well" 3,716
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 4,882
Tagalog (including Filipino) 6,401
Speak English "very well" 4,499
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 1,902
Ilocano, Samoan, Hawaiian, or Other Austronesian Languages 1,348
Speak English "very well" 767
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 581
Arabic 13,941
Speak English "very well" 7,943
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 5,998
Hebrew 496
Speak English "very well" 450
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 46
Amharic, Somali, or Other Afro-Asiatic Languages 3,768
Speak English "very well" 1,916
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 1,852
Yoruba, Twi, Igbo, or Other Languages of Western Africa 3,748
Speak English "very well" 2,892
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 856
Swahili or Other Languages of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa 11,104
Speak English "very well" 3,727
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 7,377
Native Languages of North America 388
Speak English "very well" 179
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 209
Other and Unspecified Languages 2,501
Speak English "very well" 1,562
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 939
%
Field 306 100%
Field 307 92.5%
Field 308 7.5%
Field 310 100%
Field 310 51.9%
Field 310 48.1%
Field 313 100%
Field 314 72.3%
Field 315 27.7%
Field 316 100%
Field 316 18.9%
Field 316 81.1%
Field 319 100%
Field 319 85.3%
Field 319 14.7%
Field 322 100%
Field 322 79.0%
Field 322 21.0%
Field 325 100%
Field 325 87.8%
Field 325 12.2%
Field 328 100%
Field 328 68.1%
Field 328 31.9%
Field 331 100%
Field 331 89.9%
Field 331 10.1%
Field 334 100%
Field 334 100.0%
Field 334 N
Field 337 100%
Field 337 53.2%
Field 337 46.8%
Field 340 100%
Field 340 N
Field 340 N
Field 343 100%
Field 343 69.6%
Field 343 30.4%
Field 346 100%
Field 346 61.3%
Field 346 38.7%
Field 349 100%
Field 349 50.0%
Field 349 50.0%
Field 352 100%
Field 352 78.3%
Field 352 21.7%
Field 355 100%
Field 355 N
Field 355 100.0%
Field 358 100%
Field 358 40.4%
Field 358 59.6%
Field 361 100%
Field 361 48.7%
Field 361 51.3%
Field 364 100%
Field 364 35.8%
Field 364 64.2%
Field 367 100%
Field 367 75.6%
Field 367 24.4%
Field 370 100%
Field 370 78.8%
Field 370 21.2%
Field 373 100%
Field 373 100.0%
Field 373 N
Field 376 100%
Field 376 62.4%
Field 376 37.6%
Field 379 100%
Field 379 36.9%
Field 379 63.1%
Field 382 100%
Field 382 55.9%
Field 382 44.1%
Field 385 100%
Field 385 N
Field 385 N
Field 388 100%
Field 388 39.5%
Field 388 60.5%
Field 391 100%
Field 391 41.6%
Field 391 58.4%
Field 394 100%
Field 394 24.7%
Field 394 75.3%
Field 397 100%
Field 397 43.2%
Field 397 56.8%
Field 400 100%
Field 400 70.3%
Field 400 29.7%
Field 403 100%
Field 403 56.9%
Field 403 43.1%
Field 406 100%
Field 406 57.0%
Field 406 43.0%
Field 409 100%
Field 409 90.7%
Field 409 9.3%
Field 412 100%
Field 412 50.8%
Field 412 49.2%
Field 415 100%
Field 415 77.2%
Field 415 22.8%
Field 418 100%
Field 418 33.6%
Field 418 66.4%
Field 421 100%
Field 421 46.1%
Field 421 53.9%
Field 424 100%
Field 424 62.5%
Field 424 37.5%
Language Spoken at Home (detailed, by English proficiency) Number
Total Household Population, Age 5 and Older 321,745,943
Speak only English 247,695,110
Speak language other than English 74,050,833
Spanish 44,867,699
Speak English "very well" 26,435,478
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 18,432,221
French (Including Cajun) 1,276,702
Speak English "very well" 997,472
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 279,230
Haitian 1,041,231
Speak English "very well" 586,261
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 454,970
Italian 507,347
Speak English "very well" 398,703
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 108,644
Portuguese 1,099,503
Speak English "very well" 705,493
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 394,010
German 874,078
Speak English "very well" 746,428
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 127,650
Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or Other West Germanic Languages 650,320
Speak English "very well" 425,211
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 225,109
Russian 1,021,165
Speak English "very well" 591,787
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 429,378
Polish 508,512
Speak English "very well" 322,757
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 185,755
Other Slavic Languages 789,577
Speak English "very well" 477,881
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 311,696
Armenian 267,904
Speak English "very well" 158,274
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 109,630
Persian (including Farsi, Dari) 570,013
Speak English "very well" 356,447
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 213,566
Gujarati 491,551
Speak English "very well" 343,056
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 148,495
Hindi 1,059,933
Speak English "very well" 885,303
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 174,630
Urdu 561,196
Speak English "very well" 413,018
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 148,178
Punjabi 382,413
Speak English "very well" 231,966
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 150,447
Bengali 494,034
Speak English "very well" 284,491
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 209,543
Nepali, Marathi, or Other Indic Languages 508,113
Speak English "very well" 343,244
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 164,869
Other Indo-European Languages 934,495
Speak English "very well" 657,728
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 276,767
Telugu 605,544
Speak English "very well" 501,345
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 104,199
Tamil 359,838
Speak English "very well" 310,178
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 49,660
Malayalam, Kannada, or Other Dravidian Languages 325,060
Speak English "very well" 255,960
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 69,100
Chinese (including Mandarin, Cantonese) 3,734,956
Speak English "very well" 1,839,955
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 1,895,001
Japanese 471,742
Speak English "very well" 292,644
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 179,098
Korean 1,150,701
Speak English "very well" 584,712
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 565,989
Hmong 230,698
Speak English "very well" 139,414
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 91,284
Vietnamese 1,599,409
Speak English "very well" 681,199
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 918,210
Khmer 190,601
Speak English "very well" 88,001
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 102,600
Thai, Lao, or Other Tai-Kadai Languages 301,051
Speak English "very well" 147,035
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 154,016
Other Languages of Asia 535,684
Speak English "very well" 286,508
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 249,176
Tagalog (including Filipino) 1,921,526
Speak English "very well" 1,336,802
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 584,724
Ilocano, Samoan, Hawaiian, or Other Austronesian Languages 502,152
Speak English "very well" 328,913
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 173,239
Arabic 1,484,439
Speak English "very well" 971,146
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 513,293
Hebrew 243,747
Speak English "very well" 210,823
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 32,924
Amharic, Somali, or Other Afro-Asiatic Languages 638,785
Speak English "very well" 399,799
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 238,986
Yoruba, Twi, Igbo, or Other Languages of Western Africa 773,238
Speak English "very well" 624,013
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 149,225
Swahili or Other Languages of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa 404,069
Speak English "very well" 265,181
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 138,888
Native Languages of North America 299,827
Speak English "very well" 239,197
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 60,630
Other and Unspecified Languages 371,980
Speak English "very well" 268,262
Speak English less than “very well” (LEP) 103,718
%
Field 306 100%
Field 307 77.0%
Field 308 23.0%
Field 310 100%
Field 310 58.9%
Field 310 41.1%
Field 313 100%
Field 314 78.1%
Field 315 21.9%
Field 316 100%
Field 316 56.3%
Field 316 43.7%
Field 319 100%
Field 319 78.6%
Field 319 21.4%
Field 322 100%
Field 322 64.2%
Field 322 35.8%
Field 325 100%
Field 325 85.4%
Field 325 14.6%
Field 328 100%
Field 328 65.4%
Field 328 34.6%
Field 331 100%
Field 331 58.0%
Field 331 42.0%
Field 334 100%
Field 334 63.5%
Field 334 36.5%
Field 337 100%
Field 337 60.5%
Field 337 39.5%
Field 340 100%
Field 340 59.1%
Field 340 40.9%
Field 343 100%
Field 343 62.5%
Field 343 37.5%
Field 346 100%
Field 346 69.8%
Field 346 30.2%
Field 349 100%
Field 349 83.5%
Field 349 16.5%
Field 352 100%
Field 352 73.6%
Field 352 26.4%
Field 355 100%
Field 355 60.7%
Field 355 39.3%
Field 358 100%
Field 358 57.6%
Field 358 42.4%
Field 361 100%
Field 361 67.6%
Field 361 32.4%
Field 364 100%
Field 364 70.4%
Field 364 29.6%
Field 367 100%
Field 367 82.8%
Field 367 17.2%
Field 370 100%
Field 370 86.2%
Field 370 13.8%
Field 373 100%
Field 373 78.7%
Field 373 21.3%
Field 376 100%
Field 376 49.3%
Field 376 50.7%
Field 379 100%
Field 379 62.0%
Field 379 38.0%
Field 382 100%
Field 382 50.8%
Field 382 49.2%
Field 385 100%
Field 385 60.4%
Field 385 39.6%
Field 388 100%
Field 388 42.6%
Field 388 57.4%
Field 391 100%
Field 391 46.2%
Field 391 53.8%
Field 394 100%
Field 394 48.8%
Field 394 51.2%
Field 397 100%
Field 397 53.5%
Field 397 46.5%
Field 400 100%
Field 400 69.6%
Field 400 30.4%
Field 403 100%
Field 403 65.5%
Field 403 34.5%
Field 406 100%
Field 406 65.4%
Field 406 34.6%
Field 409 100%
Field 409 86.5%
Field 409 13.5%
Field 412 100%
Field 412 62.6%
Field 412 37.4%
Field 415 100%
Field 415 80.7%
Field 415 19.3%
Field 418 100%
Field 418 65.6%
Field 418 34.4%
Field 421 100%
Field 421 79.8%
Field 421 20.2%
Field 424 100%
Field 424 72.1%
Field 424 27.9%
Educational Attainment Foreign Born
Population (age 25 and older) 186,118
Less than high school diploma 27.0%
High school diploma or GED 21.3%
Some college or associate's degree 18.4%
Bachelor's degree 18.9%
Graduate or professional degree 14.4%
% Foreign Born among Adults with  
Less than high school diploma 14.5%
Bachelor's degree or higher 7.1%
Educational Attainment: Change over Time  
Adults with no high school diploma  
% change: 2000-2024 264.8%
% change: 1990-2000 154.8%
Adults with a bachelor's degree or higher  
% change: 2000-2024 225.1%
% change: 1990-2000 139.6%
Educational Attainment by U.S. Citizenship Status (foreign-born adults, age 25 and older)  
Naturalized citizens (%) 76,273
Less than high school diploma 16.8%
High school diploma or GED 20.6%
Some college or associate's degree 26.2%
Bachelor's degree 20.3%
Graduate or professional degree 16.2%
Noncitizens (%) 109,845
Less than high school diploma 34%
High school diploma or GED 21.8%
Some college or associate's degree 13.1%
Bachelor's degree 18%
Graduate or professional degree 13.1%
U.S. Born
Population (age 25 and older) 2,960,054
Less than high school diploma 10.0%
High school diploma or GED 32.8%
Some college or associate's degree 29.6%
Bachelor's degree 16.0%
Graduate or professional degree 11.6%
% Foreign Born among Adults with  
Nothing  
Nothing  
Educational Attainment: Change over Time  
Adults with no high school diploma  
% change: 2000-2011 -56.1%
% change: 1990-2000 -16.9%
Adults with a bachelor's degree or higher  
% change: 2000-2011 88.9%
% change: 1990-2000 39.4%
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
Educational Attainment Foreign Born
Population (age 25 and older) 44,136,455
Less than high school diploma 24.3%
High school diploma or GED 22.0%
Some college or associate's degree 17.8%
Bachelor's degree 19.6%
Graduate or professional degree 16.2%
% Foreign Born among Adults with  
Less than high school diploma 45.1%
Bachelor's degree or higher 18.2%
Educational Attainment: Change over Time  
Adults with no high school diploma  
% change: 2000-2018 15.4%
% change: 1990-2000 47.9%
Adults with a bachelor's degree or higher  
% change: 2000-2018 169.8%
% change: 1990-2000 88.9%
Educational Attainment by U.S. Citizenship Status (foreign-born adults, age 25 and older)  
Naturalized citizens (%) 24,273,785
Less than high school diploma 17.4%
High school diploma or GED 20.6%
Some college or associate's degree 21.5%
Bachelor's degree 22.6%
Graduate or professional degree 17.9%
Noncitizens (%) 19,862,670
Less than high school diploma 32.8%
High school diploma or GED 23.7%
Some college or associate's degree 13.3%
Bachelor's degree 15.9%
Graduate or professional degree 14.3%
U.S. Born
Population (age 25 and older) 191,774,264
Less than high school diploma 6.8%
High school diploma or GED 26.6%
Some college or associate's degree 29.5%
Bachelor's degree 22.7%
Graduate or professional degree 14.4%
% Foreign Born among Adults with  
Nothing  
Nothing  
Educational Attainment: Change over Time  
Adults with no high school diploma  
% change: 2000-2011 -50.6%
% change: 1990-2000 -19.8%
Adults with a bachelor's degree or higher  
% change: 2000-2011 84.4%
% change: 1990-2000 32.4%
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

Sources: Migration Policy Institute tabulations of the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) and Decennial Census. Unless stated otherwise, 2024 data are from the one-year ACS file. For information about ACS definitions, click here. For ACS methodology, sampling error, and nonsampling error, click here. Estimates from 1990 and 2000 Decennial Census data as well as ACS microdata are from Steven Ruggles, Sarah Flood, Matthew Sobek, Daniel Backman, Grace Cooper, Julia A. Rivera Drew, Stephanie Richards, Renae Rodgers, Jonathan Schroeder, and Kari C.W. Williams. IPUMS USA: Version 16.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V16.0.

Definitions

  • The term "foreign born" refers to people residing in the United States at the time of the population survey who were not U.S. citizens at birth. The foreign-born population includes naturalized U.S. citizens, lawful permanent immigrants (or green-card holders), refugees and asylees, certain legal nonimmigrants (including those on student, work, or some other temporary visas), and persons residing in the country without authorization.
  • The term "U.S. born" refers to people residing in the United States who were U.S. citizens in one of three categories: people born in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia; people born in U.S. Insular Areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam; or people who were born abroad to at least one U.S. citizen parent.
  • The term limited English proficient (LEP) refers to any person age 5 and older who reported speaking English “not at all,” “not well,” or “well” on their survey questionnaire. Persons who speak only English or who report speaking English “very well” are considered proficient in English.

Data-related notes

  • The letter N indicates that an estimate could not be provided by the Census Bureau because the number of sample cases was too small for this state.
  • “English proficiency of the foreign born by U.S. citizenship status” and “Educational Attainment by U.S. Citizenship Status”: Data for Alaska, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming are from the Census Bureau's pooled 2020-2024 American Community Survey (ACS). Data for the United States overall and for the remaining states are from the 2024 ACS. 
  • “Language Spoken at Home (detailed, by English proficiency)”: Data for Alaska, Arkansas, Hawaii, Maine, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming are from the U.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2020-2024 American Community Survey (ACS). Data for the United States overall and for the remaining states are from the 2024 ACS.