Immigration Systems
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International Agreements of the Social Security Administration
Bilateral Social Security agreements eliminate dual taxation and help transnational workers qualify for benefits. This fact sheet examines a possible U.S.-Mexico totalization deal.
NAFTA's Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere
NAFTA failed to curb unauthorized immigration from Mexico—but the reasons were economic crises, demographics, and social ties, not the trade deal itself.
DHS May Axe Special Registration of Foreign Visitors
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) moved to end Special Registration and President George W. Bush signed expedited military naturalization in 2003.
U.S.-Canada-Mexico Fact Sheet on Trade and Migration
This 2003 fact sheet maps the deep trade and migration ties binding the United States, Canada, and Mexico—documenting bilateral commerce, NAFTA visa flows, and immigration trends.
DHS Secures Funding, Authority in Visa Matters
The U.S. Congress approved a $37.6 billion Homeland Security budget in October 2003, as the agency assumed oversight of visa policy.
Turkey: A Transformation from Emigration to Immigration
Once a labor exporter, Turkey has become a transit and destination country, with potential EU accession negotiations forcing an overhaul of immigration and asylum policies.
Germany's High Court Allows Teacher to Wear Muslim Headscarf
Germany's top court ruled in September 2003 that no law barred a Muslim teacher's headscarf, leaving the 16 states to decide individually, with seven planning bans.
Security Concerns Spur Policy Changes
Fall 2003 U.S. policy changes included suspending visa-free transit programs, new border student visa categories, and extension of Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for 2,700 Liberian nationals.