Immigration Systems

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Does 'Smarter' Lead to Safer? An Assessment of the Border Accords with Canada and Mexico

Post-9/11 U.S. Smart Border accords with Canada and Mexico advanced bilateral security cooperation while keeping trade flowing, but gaps in infrastructure and strategy remained.

Family Reunification

Family reunification drives two-thirds of U.S. permanent immigration, but per-country limits and a 3.9 million-case backlog in 2001 forced some applicants to wait decades.

Justice, Homeland Security Departments Announce Changes

In April 2003, U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft authorized indefinite immigrant detention in some cases.

EU States Reach Landmark Agreement on Family Reunification Rules

In February 2003, EU interior ministers agreed on minimum standards for third-country nationals' family reunification rights; the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark opted out.

FBI, BICE Interview Iraqi-Born Immigrants; Entry-Exit Rules Changed

U.S. authorities began interviewing thousands of Iraqi immigrants in early 2003, as part of an effort to identify domestic security threats.

Immigration Policy and the Homeland Security Act Reorganization: An Early Agenda for Practical Improvements

The rushed reorganization of immigration functions post-9/11 created gaps requiring fixes to unify policy and operational coordination in the new Department of Homeland Security.

'Special Registration' Program

More than 60,800 nationals of 25 predominantly Muslim countries had registered through the U.S. Special Registration program by March 2003.

Revamped Homeland Security Department to Incorporate INS Duties

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) on March 1, 2003, dividing its responsibilities across three new bureaus.

America's Challenge: Domestic Security, Civil Liberties, and National Unity After September 11

This landmark study examines how post-9/11 security measures eroded civil liberties and national unity. It proposes a framework balancing security with constitutional protections.

INS Continues Registering Foreign Nationals, Ridge Sworn in to Head DHS

In early 2003, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Special Registration reached round three; the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was formally created on January 24.