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Spain: Forging an Immigration Policy
Spain has evolved from a sending to receiving country; by 2001, foreign residents numbered 1.1 million and accounted for 2.5 percent of the population.
EU Sees Dip in Number of Asylum Applications
EU asylum applications declined to 388,400 in 2001.
French Integration Policy: Old Goals in New Bottles?
Announced in late 2002, France's three-part integration plan updated immigrant contracts, boosted anti-discrimination measures, and moved toward selective labor immigration.
Government Directive on Asylum Sparks Row in Austria
Austria's October 2002 directive cut federal benefits for designated asylum seekers, sparking political backlash and a court challenge as applications neared record highs.
Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration
By 2002, Portugal hosted 350,000 registered foreigners, many from Eastern Europe.
After Protests, France's Undocumented Community Hopes for Permits
After protests, France reopened regularization reviews in September 2002, but Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy set strict criteria and early results showed most applicants denied.
Migration Dilemmas Haunt Post-Soviet Russia
Post-Soviet Russia faces four migration pressures: brain drain, diaspora return, Siberian depopulation, and unauthorized immigration, as demographic decline deepens.
Russia Beckons, But Diaspora Wary
President Vladimir Putin hopes diaspora return will stem Russia's demographic decline, but net migration has fallen sharply since 1994.
Top German Parties Back Islamic Education
Germany's top two parties backed Islamic education in public schools in 2002.
German Immigration Law Clears Final Hurdle
Germany's first immigration law, signed June 2002, creates points-based and skills-based entry, restructures residency permits, and mandates integration courses.