Europe
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Switzerland Faces Common European Challenges
Switzerland, with 22 percent of its population foreign born in 2000, confronts rising anti-immigrant sentiment while navigating EU labor agreements and tighter asylum rules.
The Hague Program Reflects New European Realities
Adopted in November 2004, the EU's Hague Program set a five-year migration and asylum agenda, but left legal immigration and integration largely to individual Member States.
Immigrants and EU Labor Markets
Immigrants help fill Europe's labor shortages, but structural rigidities and distinct migration regimes require differentiated approaches.
The Challenge of French Diversity
France's 2004 ban on religious symbols in public schools exposed tensions between secular traditions and integrating a growing immigrant population.
Albania: Looking Beyond Borders
By 2004, roughly 25 percent of Albanians had emigrated, generating remittances but also severe brain drain and rising unauthorized migration.
New German Law Skirts Comprehensive Immigration Reform
A June 2004 German immigration law improved integration and asylum provisions but stopped short of a points-based system for recruiting skilled workers.
Germany: Immigration in Transition
Germany passed a 2004 immigration law expanding integration and asylum rules but scrapped a points-based system for skilled worker recruitment.
Observations on Regularization and the Labor Market Performance of Unauthorized and Regularized Immigrants
Regularization can raise wages and boost formal employment, but success hinges on program design and whether host-country labor markets can absorb newly legal workers.
Reining in Child Trafficking in the New EU
EU expansion in 2004 heightened child trafficking risks, spurring a draft convention with victim protections and cross-border enforcement.
Greece: A History of Migration
Greece shifted from a major emigration country to a leading immigrant destination after 1989, but two regularization programs fell short and integration plans had stalled as of 2004.
