Border Enforcement
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Real Challenges for Virtual Borders: The Implementation of US-VISIT
US-VISIT's border security and counterterrorism goals exceed what the program can deliver. Policymakers should consider scaling back expectations and make more effective investments.
Biometrics, Migrants, and Human Rights
Biometric border controls raise privacy and discrimination concerns for migrants, with little evidence they curb terrorism or unauthorized migration.
Intelligence Reformed and Homeland Security Department Overhauled
The December 2004 Intelligence Reform Act expanded border security and visa rules, as DHS faced leadership changes and Arizona's Proposition 200 drew legal challenges.
The Hague Program Reflects New European Realities
Adopted in November 2004, the EU's Hague Program set a five-year migration and asylum agenda, but left legal immigration and integration largely to individual Member States.
DHS Modifies Border and Visitor Policies
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) expanded expedited removal to border zones, extended Mexican border card stays to 30 days, and delayed biometric passport requirements until October 2005.
9/11 Commission Urges Immigration and Border Reform
The 9/11 Commission's July 2004 report called for integrated border screening, biometric passports for all travelers, and a National Counterterrorism Center.
Evaluating Enhanced U.S. Border Enforcement
Tripling U.S. border enforcement spending since 1993 did not deter significant unauthorized migration, but did have several unintended consequences.
Post-Sept. 11 Security Fears, Policies Seize Spotlight
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued new detention rules and a government commission declared post-September 11 immigration security measures largely ineffective in spring 2004.
The Enlargement of an 'Area of Freedom, Security and Justice': Managing Migration in a European Union of 25 Members
EU enlargement to 25 members tested free movement principles, with transition restrictions and sovereignty disputes complicating a coherent common EU-wide migration policy.