Border Enforcement
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Immigration Enforcement Spending Since IRCA
U.S. immigration enforcement spending more than quadrupled between 1985 (the year before the Immigration Reform and Control Act was passed) and 2002, with 60 percent aimed at the border.
U.S. Border Enforcement: From Horseback to High-Tech
This brief traces a century of U.S. border enforcement, from low-tech horse patrol to billion-dollar operations, and questions whether the massive investment has achieved its aims.
Immigration Reform Bill and DHS Restructuring Focus on Enforcement and Facilitation
A U.S. Senate bill introduced July 19, 2005, pairs $12 billion in new enforcement with a temporary worker program requiring migrants to apply from abroad.
Lessons From The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
While the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act was a landmark effort to achieve comprehensive immigration reform, its key design and implementation failures offer lasting lessons.
Secure Borders, Open Doors: Visa Procedures in the Post-September 11 Era
This comprehensive review finds post-9/11 visa reforms have made entry more secure but administratively burdensome; it charts a path toward balance and smarter border management.
"One Face at the Border" - Is It Working?
Two years after its launch, the "One Face at the Border" merger of U.S. customs, immigration, and agriculture inspection into U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) showed efficiency gains but exposed other gaps.
Free Flights and New Enforcement Proposals Address Unauthorized Migrants
A U.S.-Mexico repatriation program resumed in June 2005, offering free flights from Arizona to the interior of Mexico while Congress debated competing immigration bills.
One Face at The Border: Behind the Slogan
The One Face at the Border unified border management initiative in the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has delivered efficiency gains but has fallen short operationally.
Real Challenges for Virtual Borders: The Implementation of US-VISIT
US-VISIT's border security and counterterrorism goals exceed what the program can deliver. Policymakers should consider scaling back expectations and make more effective investments.
Biometrics, Migrants, and Human Rights
Biometric border controls raise privacy and discrimination concerns for migrants, with little evidence they curb terrorism or unauthorized migration.