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IRCA: Lessons of the Last U.S. Legalization Program
Most U.S. immigrants legalized under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) had better jobs by 1992 than on arrival; education, English proficiency, and legal entry status were among the predictors of success.
The Changing Mosaic of Mediterranean Migrations
Southern Europe faced volatile, increasingly restrictive immigration policies as North Africa and the Balkans emerged as transit zones.
The U.S. Refugee Resettlement Program
Post-911 security checks sharply reduced U.S. refugee admissions, creating a cumulative shortfall of nearly 210,000 against from 1991 to 2003.
Greece: A History of Migration
Greece shifted from a major emigration country to a leading immigrant destination after 1989, but two regularization programs fell short and integration plans had stalled as of 2004.
Democrats Introduce Immigration Reform Bill
The May 2004 Democratic SOLVE Act proposed permanent legal status for unauthorized immigrants, directly challenging U.S. President George W. Bush's temporary worker framework.
Temporary Movement of Labor Fuels GATS Debate
Mode 4 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) governs temporary cross-border labor movement but remains politically contested and misunderstood.
Post-Sept. 11 Security Fears, Policies Seize Spotlight
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued new detention rules and a government commission declared post-September 11 immigration security measures largely ineffective in spring 2004.
East Timor: Old Migration Challenges in the World's Newest Country
East Timor's 1999 independence was followed by mass displacement, wage distortions, porous borders, and an immigration law requiring constitutional revision.
Naturalization in the United States in 2002
U.S. naturalizations nearly doubled from 6.5 million in the early 1990s to 11.3 million by 2002, yet 7.9 million eligible immigrants had not naturalized.
EU Enlargement and the Limits of Freedom
The European Union's May 2004 expansion granted freedom of movement to ten new Member States, but 14 of the 15 prior members imposed labor market and welfare restrictions.