Enforcement & Borders
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Human Smuggling and Trafficking into Europe: A Comparative Perspective
Human smuggling and trafficking into Europe persist because weak borders, corruption, and unmet labor demand make them highly profitable and low-risk criminal enterprises.
Curbing the Influence of "Bad Actors" in International Migration (Transatlantic Council Statement)
Irregular migration persists despite massive enforcement investments because market demand drives illegality and bad actors consistently outpace government controls.
'Donkey Flights:' Illegal Immigration from the Punjab to the United Kingdom
Punjab's visa agents and criminal networks exploit every UK and Schengen loophole with greater speed and creativity than government bureaucracy can match.
Securing Borders: The Intended, Unintended, and Perverse Consequences
Border enforcement consistently generates perverse consequences, and strong borders require strong institutions and rule of law as much as physical controls.
Spheres of Exploitation: Thwarting Actors Who Profit from Illegal Labor, Domestic Servitude, and Sex Work
Migrant exploitation is sustained by high profits and low risk for bad actors, and enforcement tools across labor, care, and sex markets each carry serious unintended consequences.
A Strategic Framework for Creating Legality and Order in Immigration
Immigration enforcement lags other regulatory fields by failing to apply evidence-based, proportionate, and strategically prioritized responses to immigration harms.
IRCA in Retrospect: Guideposts for Today’s Immigration Reform
The statutory design flaws of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, not just implementation failures, enabled the unauthorized population growth it sought to eliminate.
Trade-Offs in Immigration Enforcement
Return-only enforcement globally is costly and incomplete, making regularization an indispensable complement to deportation in any credible migration enforcement regime.
Questions of Immigration Control Preoccupy Policymakers Worldwide as Mixed Flows of New Arrivals Continue, and in Some Cases, Surge
The October 2013 Lampedusa shipwreck, killing more than 310 migrants, crystallized Europe's struggle to separate border control from humanitarian protection.
