Citizenship

Explore all research, analysis, commentary, and data on immigrants achieving citizenship in their country of residence and the policies governing naturalization.

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Estonian Citizenship Policy: The Restoration of a Country Leads to Statelessness for Some

What happens when a country reverts to an earlier citizenship policy? When Estonia did just that after gaining independence in 1991, a new class of stateless residents emerged, comprised of Soviet-era Russian-speaking migrants and their descendants. This article explores the effects of Estonia's post-Soviet citizenship policy on its Russian-speaking population, particularly with regard to political participation and civic engagement.

A father and son wave flags at the Estonian Song Festival in Tallinn.

Naturalization Trends in the United States

As of 2014, 20 million immigrants in the United States were naturalized citizens, generally earning higher incomes and owning homes at higher rates than noncitizens.

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