MPI's work is organized around four research pillars:

• Migration Management
• Refugee Protection and International Humanitarian Response
• North American Borders and Migration Agenda
• Immigrant Settlement and Integration

The international migration system now includes almost every country in the world. Many of them are relatively new to large-scale migration and have not developed the institutions, laws, and policies needed to manage migration flows optimally. Economic, humanitarian, social, and political priorities often dictate contradictory policy directions or conflict with international obligations. The Migration Policy Institute uses the extensive expertise of its directors and staff to assist governments and civil society organizations to develop solutions to these migration problems. MPI's work addresses the following questions:

• How to organize an immigration agency within governmental structures;
• How to address a migration/refugee emergency;
• How to balance domestic security with immigration demands;
• How to redirect immigration policy to reflect changing economic or demographic realities;
• How to protect human rights (including the right to seek asylum) while implementing border controls and other programs to regulate entry;
• How to manage the impact of immigration on disadvantaged sectors of domestic society;
• How to enforce domestic labor, immigration, and anti-trafficking laws without increasing the vulnerability of immigrants.

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The parameters of refugee protection have changed dramatically in the last two decades, leaving an international regime in considerable disarray as the new century begins. States increasingly are reluctant to offer the traditional, asylum-based protections to people threatened by armed conflicts or systematic persecution. Alternative methods of protection-such as safe havens, in-country monitoring, and temporary admissions-have been tried and mostly found inadequate, or even disastrous. At the same time, the mingling of refugee and unauthorized immigrant streams has spurred states to institute tough new entry-control measures that have made it difficult for refugees to gain access to safe territory.

MPI is employing a combination of legal and social science research to track new developments in thinking, law, and practice in the realm of refugee protection. The institute works with civil society organizations, NGOs, international organizations, and policymakers to devise workable alternatives that relieve tensions between the needs of refugees and sovereign states.

MPI is working closely with the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), other international organizations, governments, and NGOs to clarify some of the interpretive issues that are making consistent application of refugee law difficult. These questions include:

• When does a refugee cease to need international protection, and how may states respond to changes in circumstance that warrant cessation?
• What degrees and kinds of relationships should be considered when attempting to reunify refugee families, and what are states obliged to do to restore family unity?
• What is the meaning of "particular social group" in the context of the 1951 Refugee Convention?

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The Migration Policy Institute provides a location and an intellectual framework for discussion of concrete steps toward the cooperative management of migration and common borders in North America. MPI's work starts with the assumption that borders are integrated social and economic zones that should be viewed as resources rather than barriers. The institute is initially focusing on bilateral (U.S.-Mexico or U.S.-Canada) discussions among public and private sector representatives. Over time, these discussions will become trilateral, and eventually expand to include Central America and possibly the Caribbean. The issues on the policy agenda include:

• A new migration relationship between the United States and Mexico that reduces undocumented migration by combining higher levels of legal, permanent immigration with well-designed programs for temporary work that protect the labor and social rights of temporary workers and the domestic labor force. The discussions also will focus on development in Mexico.
• The gradual realignment of border relations toward cooperative and joint management rather than unilateral enforcement efforts, as well as a comprehensive review of employer sanctions.
• Dissemination of information about and gradual implementation of promising ideas and practices about joint discharge of border responsibilities along the US-Canadian border and the US-Mexican border.

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Few countries make systematic efforts to integrate immigrants and refugees into their social and political fabric and fewer still can claim success. When such failure coexists with incomplete economic incorporation, immigrants and refugees are marginalized. When marginalization becomes entrenched, it leads the host community to view immigrants as net "consumers" of public assets, rather than contributors to and creators of new assets, and as social and political liabilities, rather than as potential resources. The goals of this research pillar are to better understand the process of incorporation and devise ways to effectively address this civic engagement challenge. Integration is a two-way process in which both the newcomers and the host societies are changed. Therefore, MPI's examination of immigrant settlement and integration focuses on the interactive effects of international migration on receiving communities and immigrants themselves. The institute's research focuses on the following three areas: labor market access, social mobility, and civic participation and social cohesion. The institute works in close collaboration with researchers, advocates, and current and former government officials to identify, develop, test, and evaluate local experiments in meaningful integration and civic engagement ideas:

• MPI is part of a collaborative effort called "Building the New American Community," which is sponsoring a series of pilot projects that use public-private partnerships to increase the civic engagement and political participation of migrants and refugees. By studying the progress of these projects as they unfold-in Nashville, TN; Lowell, MA; and Portland, OR-the collaborative will develop a set of principles and program priorities that can be useful to other communities interested in developing a more systematic way to foster integration. MPI's partners in this three-year pilot project are the Urban Institute, the National Immigration Forum, the National Conference of State Legislatures, and the Southeast Asia Resource Action Center.
• MPI will draw on the comparative findings of the Metropolis Project, an international network of migration researchers and policymakers, to formulate proposals for immigrant integration in the United States.
• MPI is studying the refugee resettlement program in the United States, focusing on identifying elements from the refugee program that have proven effective in integration terms, with an eye to thoughtful replication.

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