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RESOURCES BY TOPIC	RESOURCES BY PLACE
Brain Drain and Brain Gain	Africa
Circular Migration	Asia
Diasporas	Europe
General Migration and Development	Latin America and the Caribbean
Remittances	United States
Temporary Workers

Brain Drain and Brain Gain
The "Brain Gain" Race Begins with Foreign Students By Jeanne Batalova, MPI Migration Information Source, January 2007 The United States has been a destination for education and research for generations of foreign students and scholars. MPI's Jeanne Batalova explores why the country has become less dominant in the global education market in recent years.	Emigration, Brain Drain and Development: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa By Arno Tanner, Visiting Scholar Published by East-West Books Helsinki and the Migration Policy Institute, Fall 2005 Arno Tanner finds that while emigration may be beneficial in some cases, unhindered high-skilled emigration, particularly in the case of sub-Saharan Africa, can have disastrous consequences. Dr. Tanner recommends specific policies where carefully targeted development measures could be used to mitigate the negative consequences of brain drain.
Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries By Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah Institute for Public Policy Research Migration Information Source, August 2005 The assumption that brain drain is everywhere and always negative does not necessarily hold true and hides the need for a more nuanced methodology for assessing migration's impacts.	New Research Challenges Notion of German "Brain Drain" By Claudia Diehl, German Federal Institute for Population Research, and David Dixon, MPI Migration Information Source, August 2005 For years, Germany has been concerned about losing its top minds to the United States. While highly skilled individuals are leaving for the United States, most of the increase is accounted for by temporary migrants.
The Global Tug-of-War for Health Care Workers By Kimberly Hamilton and Jennifer Yau Migration Information Source, December 2004 This article analyzes the major challenges and policy responses surrounding the migration of health care workers from developing countries.	Skilled Migration Abroad or Human Capital Flight? By B. Lindsay Lowell, Georgetown University Migration Information Source, June 2003 This article sketches the big picture of skilled migration, touching on both negative impacts and positive feedback for developing states.
Brain Drain and Gain: The Case of Taiwan By Kevin O'Neil Migration Information Source, September 2003 Kevin O'Neil takes a close look at how Taiwan has reaped economic benefits from high-skilled migration.	A New Surge of Interest in Migration and Development By Kathleen Newland Migration Information Source, February 2007 A number of governments and institutions are determined to ride international migration toward a future of greater prosperity. MPI's Kathleen Newland outlines what they all should know about the pluses and minuses of the most basic issues that frame the debate on migration and development: remittances and the brain drain.
Circular Migration and Development
Managing Temporary Migration: Lessons from the Philippine Model By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias Developing countries can proactively manage large-scale, systematic, and legal movement of temporary migrant workers. This MPI report analyzes the system the Philippines uses to manage the temporary migration of millions of Filipinos who work in countries around the globe. For many observers, the Philippines' system of managing temporary migration has unrivaled sophistication, making it a model for other developing countries hoping to access the benefits of global labor mobility. Download Report \| Press Release Purchase a hard copy at the MPI bookstore: US \| International	Learning by Doing: Experiences of Circular Migration By Kathleen Newland, Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, and Aaron Terrazas Increasingly, policymakers are considering whether circular migration could improve the likelihood that global mobility gains will be chared by migrant-origin and destination counties alike—as well as by migrants themselves. This MPI Insight examines the record of circular migration, both where it has arisen naturally and where governments have taken action to encourage it. Download Report \| Press Release
From Zero Sum to a Win-Win Scenario: A Literature Review on Circular Migration By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias September 2006 This report looks at the policy implications of new research findings on the developmental impacts of circular migration. It highlights new research on how diasporas relate to their countries of origin and reviews policies intended to encourage circular migration, including temporary worker schemes, and the hotly contested issues surrounding them.	Circular Migration and Development: Trends, Policy Routes, and Ways Forward By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland Policy Brief, April 2007 Circular migration, the temporary or permanent return of migrants to their countries of origin, is seen as offering benefits to countries of migrant origin, to destination countries, and to migrants themselves. The most common policy route to encourage circulation has been to ensure that migrants maintain ties with their countries of origin, by providing financial incentives to return or by enforcing strict measures to prevent their remaining permanently in destination countries. Experience from many countries shows that this conventional set of policies has not, and in all probability will not, work on its own. Effective circular migration arrangements call for policies that strengthen ties to countries of both origin and destination. An environment that helps migrants to reach their goals—as manifested for instance by accumulated savings, newly acquired skills, and successful business ventures—is most likely to foster temporary or permanent return.
Circular Migration: Keeping Development Rolling? By Graeme Hugo, University of Adelaide Migration Information Source, June 2003 Non-permanent, circular migration between nations has increased. Graeme Hugo of the University of Adelaide looks at the implications for development in Asia.	Burkina Faso: Testing the Tradition of Circular Migration By Brad Kress, UK's Centre for Research into Economic and Social Trends Migration Information Source, May 2006 One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso is a former French colony in Western Africa that has traditionally sent thousands of seasonal migrants to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Brad Kress examines the migration issues facing the country today.
Secondary Migration: Who Re-Migrates and Why These Migrants Matter By Ayumi Takenaka, Bryn Mawr College Migration Information Source, April 2007 Relatively little is known about migration that involves more than one destination. Ayumi Takenaka examines the available data to assess who re-migrates to the United States.	Discussion on Migration and Development: Using Remittances and Circular Migration as Drivers for Development By Kevin O'Neil Summary Report, April 2003
Diasporas, Migrant Organizations, and Development
Engaging the Asian Diaspora By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias and Kathleen Newland This brief explores how governments in Asia are facilitating diaspora contributions, including creation of conducive legal frameworks and diaspora-centered institutions to initiation of programs that specifically target diasporas as development actors. The authors detail a number of legislative proposals geared at diasporas, including flexible citizenship laws and visa arrangements, political and property rights, and reduced income tax rates. Download Brief	Beyond Regional Circularity: The Emergence of an Ethiopian Diaspora By Aaron Matteo Terrazas Migration Information Source, June 2007 While Ethiopians have long followed seasonal migration patterns within the Horn of Africa, it was only after the political upheavals of the 1970s that they began to settle in the West.
Diaspora Philanthrophy: Private Giving and Public Policy By Kathleen Newland, Aaron Terrazas, and Roberto Munster This report, the third in a series examining the role of diasporas in development policy, analyzes the evolving role of diaspora philanthropy in countries of origin. The study examines the emergence of nongovernmental development actors and new trends in global philanthropy, such as strategic giving and use of online platforms to harness small donations. It also discusses public policies, in both donor and developing countries, that can encourage or discourage philanthropic giving. Download Report	Diasporas and Development: The Latin American Experience By Manuel Orozco, Inter-American Dialogue Migration Information Source, June 2003 This article examines the increasing relevance of economic ties between diasporas and home country economies in Latin America.
Connected through Service: Diaspora Volunteers and Global Development By Aaron Terrazas Nearly 1 million US residents spend time volunteering abroad each year, including nearly 200,000 first- and second-generation immigrants. Diasporas often have the connections, knowledge, and personal drive to volunteer outside the framework of organized volunteer programs. But many also volunteer through established programs. As skilled migration and the number of US youth with ancestors in the developing world grow over the coming years, the potential for both skilled diaspora volunteers and youth diaspora volunteers will increase. This report is the second in a series of studies examining the role of diasporas in development policy. Download Report	Migrant Hometown Associations and Opportunities for Development: A Global Perspective By Manuel Orozco and Rebecca Rouse, Inter-American Dialogue Migration Information Source, February 2007 This article provides an overview of HTAs, active throughout the United States, Europe, and parts of East Asia, as well as the development role they play.
Diaspora Investment in Developing and Emerging Country Capital Markets: Patterns and Prospects By Aaron Terrazas Financial flows from migrants and their descendants are at the heart of the relationship between migration and development. There is little doubt that remittances can have important effects on financial development. But they represent only a fraction of the potential private financial flows originating from diasporas, with substantial evidence showing that diasporas hold substantial financial assets beyond their current income — for instance, in savings and retirement accounts, in property, debt, and equity. Remittances tap the incomes of migrants, but this report argues that the greater challenge is to mobilize the wealth of diasporas. Capital markets perform precisely this function, mobilizing savings and channeling them to productive investment. This report is the first in a series of six studies on the role of diasporas in development policy. Download Report	The Political Importance of Diasporas By Steve Vertovec, University of Oxford Migration Information Source, June 2005 Belonging to a diaspora entails a consciousness of, or emotional attachment to, a place of origin and its culture. Steve Vertovec explains the role diasporas play in migrant-sending and migrant-receiving countries.
Protection through Integration: The Mexican Government's Efforts to Aid Migrants in the United States By Laureen Laglagaron Immigrant integration remains largely an afterthought in US immigration policy discussions and the country's integration policies remain chronically underfunded and limited in scope. Local and informal actors such as families and community-based organizations have historically taken on this responsibility. However, as this report explores, new partners are emerging. Mexico's efforts to help its migrants succeed in the United States offer a new example of an immigrant-sending country looking to improve its emigrants' lives and connect with its diaspora. The report examines the evolution of Mexico's approach to its migrants and details the activities of Mexico's Institute of Mexicans Abroad (IME) in a first-ever attempt to map the expanding range of IME educational, health care, financial, and civic engagement programs. Download Report \| Press Release \| Listen/Download Event Audio	Refugee Diasporas, Remittances, Development, and Conflict By Nicholas Van Hear, Institute for International Studies Migration Information Source, June 2003 This article presents some of the distinct features of refugee diasporas, as well as their impact on development policy.
Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in the Their Countries of Origin A Scoping Study by Kathleen Newland with Erin Patrick for the Department of International Development, UK, July 2004 This paper examines the role of diaspora in poverty reduction through four main areas of focus: policy and practice toward diaspora by countries of origin; diaspora economic, social and political engagement in countries of origin; donor engagement with diaspora; and recommendations to maximize the contribution of diaspora to development and poverty reduction. The report includes case studies of China, India, the Philippines, Mexico, Eritrea, and Taiwan, which are used to illustrate six contrasting patterns.	Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home By Shirin Hakimzadeh Migration Information Source, September 2006 Iran has long connected the great civilizations of Asia, the Near East and the Mediterranean. But since the Islamic Revolution, hundreds of thousands of highly skilled Iranians have emigrated while millions of refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq have entered the country. Shirin Hakimzadeh takes a detailed look at Iran's past and present migration issues.
Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad By Micah Bump, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University Migration Information Source, March 2006 Perhaps best known for its brain drain and the related success of its diaspora, Ghana also has an important role in West African migration patterns, past and present. Micah Bump of Georgetown's Institute for the Study of International Migration takes a detailed look at a country in transition.	Russia Beckons, But Diaspora Wary By Timothy Heleniak, World Bank Migration Information Source, October 2002 Will President Putin realize his dream of a mass return of the Russian diaspora? Timothy Heleniak assesses Russia's migration dilemma.
Assessing the Tsunami's Effects on Migration By Frank Laczko and Elizabeth Collett, International Organization for Migration Migration Information Source, April 2005 Asia’s tsunami will have an enduring impact on diaspora groups and immigration policy, write Frank Laczko and Elizabeth Collett of IOM.
General Resources on Migration and Development
Thailand at a Crossroads: Challenges and Opportunities in Leveraging Migration for Development By Jerry Huguet, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, and Claudia Natali With a robust and relatively open economy attracting low- and high-skilled workers from nearby countries and beyond, Thailand is well positioned to take advantage of the benefits of migration. This brief examines the country’s migration challenges ahead and the two basic approaches to regularizing labor migration: Memoranda of Understanding with migrant-sending neighbors and nationality verification as a preliminary step for work permit application by unauthorized immigrants. Download Brief Managing Temporary Migration: Lessons from the Philippine Model By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias Developing countries can proactively manage large-scale, systematic, and legal movement of temporary migrant workers. This MPI report analyzes the system the Philippines uses to manage the temporary migration of millions of Filipinos who work in countries around the globe. For many observers, the Philippines' system of managing temporary migration has unrivaled sophistication, making it a model for other developing countries hoping to access the benefits of global labor mobility. Download Report Purchase a hard copy at the MPI bookstore: US \| International	A New Surge of Interest in Migration and Development By Kathleen Newland, Migration Policy Institute Migration Information Source, February 2007 A number of governments and institutions are determined to ride international migration toward a future of greater prosperity. MPI's Kathleen Newland outlines what they should know about the pluses and minuses of the most basic issues that frame the debate on migration and development: remittances and the brain drain.
Migration and Development: Blind Faith and Hard-to-Find Facts By Kimberly Hamilton Migration Information Source, November 2003 Kim Hamilton outlines a research agenda for migration and development.	Migration as a Factor in Development and Poverty Reduction By Kathleen Newland Migration Information Source, June 2003 Kathleen Newland provides a concise overview of the impact of rich country migration policies on poor country development.
"Migration as a Factor in Development and Poverty Reduction: The Impact of Rich Countries' Immigration Policies on the Prospects of the Poor" By Kathleen Newland Impact of Rich Countries' Policies on Poor Countries: Towards a Level Playing Field in Development Cooperation Transaction Press, 2004	"Realizing the Potential of Migrant 'Earn, Learn, and Return' Strategies: Does Policy Matter?" By Kimberly Hamilton and Elizabeth Grieco Commitment to Development Index Center for Global Development, February 2004
Citizenship Policies for an Age of Migration By T. Alexander Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 2002)	Minimizing Development-Induced Displacement By Courtland Robinson, Johns Hopkins University Migration Information Source, January 2004 Courtland Robinson analyzes steps to minimize the negative side of development, which has uprooted millions worldwide.
Fostering Cooperation Between Source and Destination Countries By Susan Martin, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University; Philip Martin, UC Davis; and Patrick Weil, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Migration Information Source, October 2002 Cultivating sustained cooperation between source and destination states is essential to migration management.	Reframing the Migration and Development Policy Discussion By Sharon Stanton Russell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Migration Information Source, June 2003 Migration and development are high on the international agenda, and Sharon Stanton Russell highlights emerging features of the new policy debate.
Remittances
New MPI Fact Sheet Provides First Look at the 2007 Slowdown in Remittances to Mexican States By Aaron Matteo Terrazas Fact Sheet No. 19, September 2007 In 2006, Mexico received an estimated $24.5 billion in remittances -- 11.3 percent of the total $276 billion in remittances worldwide. While migrant remittances to Mexico grew an average of 19.1 percent annually between 2003 and 2006, however, they increased by just 0.6 percent in the first half of 2007 compared to the first half of 2006. A new MPI fact sheet provides a first look remittances to Mexico by state for 2003 to 2007, highlighting the states that may be most severely affected by a slowdown in money coming in from migrants abroad in the first six months of 2007. English \| Español \| Press Release	The Phenomenal Rise in Remittances to India: A Closer Look By Muzaffar A. Chishti Policy Brief, May 2007 India’s remittances have skyrocketed in the past 10 years, jumping from $2.1 billion in FY1990-1991 to $24.1 billion in FY2005-2006. India captures 10 percent of global remittances, making it the single largest recipient in the world. Muzaffar Chishti examines the factors behind this surge, from economic reforms to migrants’ shift to higher-skilled jobs. He finds that while remittances exceed total government expenditures in health and education, the Indian government has not instituted any policies specifically aimed at increasing remittance flows. Looking forward, the most significant factor in remittance and investment flows may ultimately be how Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) perceive the Indian economy, and the challenge for the government will be leveraging inflows of NRI capital for broader socioeconomic development.
Leveraging Remittances for Development By Dilip Ratha, The World Bank June 2007 In 2006, recorded remittances sent home by migrants from developing countries reached $206 billion, more than double the level in 2001. The true scale of remittances, including unrecorded flows through formal and informal channels, is believed to be even larger. Dilip Ratha looks at the growing importance of remittances and their impact on development. He lays out a four-part international remittances agenda including (a) monitoring, analysis, and projection; (b) retail payment systems; (c) financial access of individuals or households; and (d) leveraging remittances for capital market access of financial institutions or countries.	Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in the Their Countries of Origin A Scoping Study by Kathleen Newland with Erin Patrick for the Department of International Development, UK, July 2004 This paper examines the role of diaspora in poverty reduction through four main areas of focus: policy and practice toward diaspora by countries of origin; diaspora economic, social and political engagement in countries of origin; donor engagement with diaspora; and recommendations to maximize the contribution of diaspora to development and poverty reduction. The report includes case studies of China, India, the Philippines, Mexico, Eritrea, and Taiwan, which are used to illustrate six contrasting patterns.
Remittances and Development: Trends, Impacts, and Policy Options -- A Review of the Literature By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias September 2006 This report provides a comprehensive overview of the current academic and policy literature on remittances. Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias explores questions such as who sends and receives remittances, how much is remitted, methods by which remittances are sent, and what motivates migrants to send money home. She also delves into the ongoing debate on the impact of remittances on development, going beyond a discussion of economic impacts to include political and social implications. The report reviews existing policy initiatives on remittances and emphasizes the still enormous challenges in making these programs work for development.	Remittances from the United States in Context By Kevin O'Neil Migration Information Source, June 2003 Kevin O'Neil outlines key aspects of remittances from the United States
Refugee Diasporas, Remittances, Development, and Conflict By Nicholas Van Hear, Institute for International Studies Migration Information Source, June 2003 This article presents some of the distinct features of refugee diasporas, as well as their impact on development policy.	Soaring Remittances Raise New Issues By Richard Black, University of Sussex Migration Information Source, June 2003 Global remittances by migrants seem to be on the rise, and Richard Black maps out the issues this presents for researchers and policymakers.
Discussion on Migration and Development: Using Remittances and Circular Migration as Drivers for Development By Kevin O'Neil Summary Report, April 2003	A New Surge of Interest in Migration and Development By Kathleen Newland Migration Information Source, February 2007 A number of governments and institutions are determined to ride international migration toward a future of greater prosperity. MPI's Kathleen Newland outlines what they all should know about the pluses and minuses of the most basic issues that frame the debate on migration and development: remittances and the brain drain.
Remittances By Kevin O'Neil Migration Information Source, June 2003 This article outlines key aspects of remittances from the United States.
Temporary Workers
Thailand at a Crossroads: Challenges and Opportunities in Leveraging Migration for Development By Jerry Huguet, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, and Claudia Natali With a robust and relatively open economy attracting low- and high-skilled workers from nearby countries and beyond, Thailand is well positioned to take advantage of the benefits of migration. This brief examines the country’s migration challenges ahead and the two basic approaches to regularizing labor migration: Memoranda of Understanding with migrant-sending neighbors and nationality verification as a preliminary step for work permit application by unauthorized immigrants. Download Brief Strengthening Pre-Departure Orientation Programmes in Indonesia, Nepal and the Philippines By Maruja M.B. Asis and Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias With overseas employment a more permanent feature of the development strategies of a number of Asian states, predeparture orientation programs have emerged as an important tool for the protection of migrant workers. This brief examines the strengths, limitations, and areas for improvement of this intervention, based on findings from field research conducted in Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines. Download Report Regulating Private Recruitment in the Asia-Middle East Labour Migration Corridor By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias The Middle East represents one of the most sought-after labor markets in the world, with an estimated 10 million contract workers (mostly Asian) in the Gulf states alone. The vast majority of this temporary labor movement is brokered by recruitment agencies, with oversight difficult. This brief examines how sometimes unscrupulous agencies take advantage of the migrants they purport to serve by charging excessive placement fees and offering expensive predeparture loans; it also outlines the available policy levers for regulating recruitment practices. Download Brief Migration's Middlemen: Regulating Recruitment Agencies in the Philippines-United Arab Emirates Corridor By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias Private recruitment agencies manage much of the flow of the 200,000 Filipino workers who head to annually to the United Arab Emirates, which is the third-largest destination for Filipino migrants after the United States and Saudi Arabia. While the recruitment agencies provide critical services, some abuse their clients by charging exorbitant fees or violating basic human rights. This report, based on exhaustive interviews with key actors and migrants themselves, examines the recruiters' practices as well as their regulation by the Philippine and UAE governments, finding room for significant improvement. Download Report \| Press Release	Temporary High-Skilled Migration By Maia Jachimowicz Migration Information Source, November 2002 Globalization has made the international mobility of high-skilled workers a vital issue for the United States. MPI's Maia Jachimowicz and Policy Analyst Deborah W. Meyers explain the complicated visa system for high-skilled temporary workers. Learning by Doing: Experiences of Circular Migration By Kathleen Newland, Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, and Aaron Terrazas Increasingly, policymakers are considering whether circular migration could improve the likelihood that global mobility gains will be shared by migrant-origin and destination countries alike — as well as by migrants themselves. This MPI Insight examines the record of circular migration, both where it has arisen naturally and where governments have taken action to encourage it. Download Report \| Press Release Linking Temporary Worker Schemes with Development By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias Migration Information Source, February 2007 Temporary workers, generally seen as a solution to the changing and growing economic needs of developed countries, rarely focus on the needs of migrant-sending countries. MPI's Dovelyn Agunias reviews relevant research and the policy options proposed for closing this gap. The Growing Connection Between Temporary and Permanent Immigration Systems By Jeanne Batalova Task Force Insight No. 14, January 2006 The distinction between temporary and permanent migration, clearly demarcated in past decades, has become increasingly blurred. A new immigrant admissions system has emerged that is neith temporary nor permanent, but rather a transitional system that allows visa holders to prove their worth to employers and the broader economy.
Managing Temporary Migration: Lessons from the Philippine Model By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias Developing countries can proactively manage large-scale, systematic, and legal movement of temporary migrant workers. This MPI report analyzes the system the Philippines uses to manage the temporary migration of millions of Filipinos who work in countries around the globe. For many observers, the Philippines' system of managing temporary migration has unrivaled sophistication, making it a model for other developing countries hoping to access the benefits of global labor mobility. Download Report \| Press Release Purchase a hard copy at the MPI bookstore: US \| International	Temporary Worker Programs: A Patchwork Policy Response By Deborah W. Meyers Task Force Insight No. 12, January 2006 In fiscal year 2004, the volume of admissions to the United States for temporary workers, trainees, and their dependants reached nearly 1.5 million people. Within these employment-based visa categories, temporary workers have dramatic variations of stay that range from three months to ten years, and many are transitioning to the permanent system.
Protecting Overseas Workers: Lessons and Cautions from the Philippines By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, MPI, and Neil Ruiz, Brookings Institution Insight, September 2007 The world’s largest migrant welfare fund, the Philippines’ Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), shows that countries of origin can institutionalize protection of migrant workers through a mechanism for repatriation, provision of insurance and loans, and education and training. However, countries of origin must overcome several limitations to fully realize these benefits. The Philippine case highlights the importance of meeting the core needs of overseas workers without overextending the government’s capacity; political, administrative, and financial transparency and accountability; and the effective use of government resources. Destination countries should also establish mechanisms to protect migrant workers and help build capacity for welfare funds and countries of origin.	Temporary Work Programs Back in Fashion Migration Information Source Top 10 Issues of 2005 The legacy of guest-worker programs has kept most Western countries from considering new schemes even when faced with low-skill labor shortages. But those attitudes began to shift in 2005. US Temporary Worker Programs: Lessons Learned By Doris Meissner Migration Information Source, March 2004 This article examines the challenges and opportunities, past and present, posed by temporary migrant labor programs.
US Employment-Based Admissions: Permanent and Temporary By Susan Martin, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University Task Force Policy Brief No. 15, January 2006 The pros and cons of existing temporary worker programs in the United States include giving employers a chance to test employees for their contributions to society and the economy, but in some cases, making temporary workers vulnerable to exploitation because they are dependent on specific employers or jobs for their legal status.	South Korea: Balancing Labor Demand with Strict Controls By Young-bum Park, Hansung University, Seoul Migration Information Source, December 2004 Young-bum Park outlines South Korea's response to temporary labor demands and its approach to integrating North Korean refugees.
Africa
Burkina Faso: Testing the Tradition of Circular Migration By Brad Kress, UK's Centre for Research into Economic and Social Trends Migration Information Source, May 2006 One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina Faso is a former French colony in Western Africa that has traditionally sent thousands of seasonal migrants to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Brad Kress examines the migration issues facing the country today.	Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad By Micah Bump, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University Migration Information Source, March 2006 Perhaps best known for its brain drain and the related success of its diaspora, Ghana also has an important role in West African migration patterns, past and present. Micah Bump of Georgetown's Institute for the Study of International Migration takes a detailed look at a country in transition.
Kenya: What Role for Diaspora in Development? By Ken Okoth Migration Information Source, August 2003 Kenya is looking to its educated diaspora to meet development goals and achieve global competitiveness, according to MPI’s Ken Okoth.	Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in the Their Countries of Origin A Scoping Study by Kathleen Newland with Erin Patrick for the Department of International Development, UK, July 2004 This paper examines the role of diaspora in poverty reduction through four main areas of focus: policy and practice toward diaspora by countries of origin; diaspora economic, social and political engagement in countries of origin; donor engagement with diaspora; and recommendations to maximize the contribution of diaspora to development and poverty reduction. The report includes case studies of China, India, the Philippines, Mexico, Eritrea, and Taiwan, which are used to illustrate six contrasting patterns.
Cape Verde: Towards the End of Emigration? By Jorgen Carling, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) Migration Information Source, November 2002 Very few countries have experienced emigration on a scale approaching that of Cape Verde. Jorgen Carling examines migration's effects on the country's past and present, as well as its implications for the future.	Morocco: From Emigration Country to Africa's Migration Passage to Europe Hein de Haas, Radboud University, Nijmegen Migration Information Source, A source for Europe's labor needs since the 1960s, Moroccan migrants and their remittances are central to the economy back home. But Morocco is also becoming a transit and immigration country for migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Version française
Asia
Thailand at a Crossroads: Challenges and Opportunities in Leveraging Migration for Development By Jerry Huguet, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, and Claudia Natali With a robust and relatively open economy attracting low- and high-skilled workers from nearby countries and beyond, Thailand is well positioned to take advantage of the benefits of migration. This brief examines the country’s migration challenges ahead and the two basic approaches to regularizing labor migration: Memoranda of Understanding with migrant-sending neighbors and nationality verification as a preliminary step for work permit application by unauthorized immigrants. Download Brief Regulating Private Recruitment in the Asia-Middle East Labour Migration Corridor By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias The Middle East represents one of the most sought-after labor markets in the world, with an estimated 10 million contract workers (mostly Asian) in the Gulf states alone. The vast majority of this temporary labor movement is brokered by recruitment agencies, with oversight difficult. This brief examines how sometimes unscrupulous agencies take advantage of the migrants they purport to serve by charging excessive placement fees and offering expensive predeparture loans; it also outlines the available policy levers for regulating recruitment practices. Download Brief Managing Temporary Migration: Lessons from the Philippine Model By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias Developing countries can proactively manage large-scale, systematic, and legal movement of temporary migrant workers. This MPI report analyzes the system the Philippines uses to manage the temporary migration of millions of Filipinos who work in countries around the globe. For many observers, the Philippines' system of managing temporary migration has unrivaled sophistication, making it a model for other developing countries hoping to access the benefits of global labor mobility. Download Report \| Press Release Purchase a hard copy at the MPI bookstore: US \| International	Learning by Doing: Experiences of Circular Migration By Kathleen Newland, Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, and Aaron Terrazas Increasingly, policymakers are considering whether circular migration could improve the likelihood that global mobility gains will be shared by migrant-origin and destination countries alike — as well as by migrants themselves. This MPI Insight examines the record of circular migration, both where it has arisen naturally and where governments have taken action to encourage it. Download Report \| Press Release Protecting Overseas Workers: Lessons and Cautions from the Philippines By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, MPI, and Neil Ruiz, Brookings Institution Insight, September 2007 The world’s largest migrant welfare fund, the Philippines’ Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), shows that countries of origin can institutionalize protection of migrant workers through a mechanism for repatriation, provision of insurance and loans, and education and training. However, countries of origin must overcome several limitations to fully realize these benefits. The Philippine case highlights the importance of meeting the core needs of overseas workers without overextending the government’s capacity; political, administrative, and financial transparency and accountability; and the effective use of government resources. Destination countries should also establish mechanisms to protect migrant workers and help build capacity for welfare funds and countries of origin. As temporary worker programs gain increased international attention, both the accomplishments and the limitations of the Philippines’ experience offer guidance for policymakers in other countries seeking to expand temporary migration programs.
Brain Drain and Gain: The Case of Taiwan By Kevin O'Neil September 2003 Kevin O'Neil takes a close look at how Taiwan has reaped economic benefits from high-skilled migration. The Phenomenal Rise in Remittances to India: A Closer Look By Muzaffar A. Chishti Policy Brief, May 2007 India’s remittances have skyrocketed in the past 10 years, jumping from $2.1 billion in FY1990-1991 to $24.1 billion in FY2005-2006. India captures 10 percent of global remittances, making it the single largest recipient in the world. Muzaffar Chishti examines the factors behind this surge, from economic reforms to migrants’ shift to higher-skilled jobs. He finds that while remittances exceed total government expenditures in health and education, the Indian government has not instituted any policies specifically aimed at increasing remittance flows. Looking forward, the most significant factor in remittance and investment flows may ultimately be how Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) perceive the Indian economy, and the challenge for the government will be leveraging inflows of NRI capital for broader socioeconomic development. Related Migration Information Source article	Assessing the Tsunami's Effects on Migration By Frank Laczko and Elizabeth Collett, International Organization for Migration Migration Information Source, April 2005 Asia’s tsunami will have an enduring impact on diaspora groups and immigration policy, write Frank Laczko and Elizabeth Collett of IOM. Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in the Their Countries of Origin A Scoping Study by Kathleen Newland with Erin Patrick for the Department of International Development, UK, July 2004 : policy and practice toward diaspora by countries of origin; diaspora economic, social and political engagement in countries of origin; donor engagement with diaspora; and recommendations to maximize the contribution of diaspora to development and poverty reduction. The report includes case studies of China, India, the Philippines, Mexico, Eritrea, and Taiwan, which are used to illustrate six contrasting patterns.
Europe
Learning by Doing: Experiences of Circular Migration By Kathleen Newland, Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, and Aaron Terrazas Increasingly, policymakers are considering whether circular migration could improve the likelihood that global mobility gains will be shared by migrant-origin and destination countries alike — as well as by migrants themselves. This MPI Insight examines the record of circular migration, both where it has arisen naturally and where governments have taken action to encourage it. Download Report \| Press Release	Trans-Saharan Migration to North Africa and the EU: Historical Roots and Current Trends Hein de Haas, University of Oxford Migration Information Source, November 2006 Sub-Saharan Africans are increasingly migrating to North African countries, with some using the region as a point of transit to Europe and some remaining in North Africa. Hein de Haas of the University of Oxford examines the the region’s migration trends. Migrations Transsahariennes vers l'Afrique du Nord et l'UE: Origines Historiques et Tendances Actuelles (Version française)
Gaining from Migration: Towards a New Mobility System A new report lead written by Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Gregory A. Maniatis finds that a functioning migration system in Europe must treat sending and transit countries as genuine partners. The report recommends that EU policymakers forego restrictive rhetoric and instead create more legal channels and flexible options for immigrants’ entry and stay to attract workers in industries that most need them. At the same time, and in recognition of the fact that immigration cannot succeed unless immigrants integrate successfully, European countries must become more flexible in giving immigrants access to their labor markets and political systems. Executive Summary \| Press Release	Immigrants and EU Labor Markets By Louka T. Katseli, OECD Development Centre Migration Information Source, December 2004 Louka Katseli explains why effective migration policies in Europe are as much a political as a technical issue.
Europe Attracts More Migrants from China By Frank Laczo, International Organization for Migration Migration Information Source, July 2003 Frank Laczko examines how increasing numbers of Chinese immigrants are entering Europe.	Morocco: From Emigration Country to Africa's Migration Passage to Europe Hein de Haas, University of Oxford Migration Information Source, October 2005 A source for Europe's labor needs since the 1960s, Moroccan migrants and their remittances are central to the economy back home. But Morocco is also becoming a transit and immigration country for migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Maroc: De pays d'émigration vers passage migratoire africain vers l'Europe (Version française)
Latin America and the Caribbean
Protection through Integration: The Mexican Government's Efforts to Aid Migrants in the United States By Laureen Laglagaron Immigrant integration remains largely an afterthought in US immigration policy discussions and the country's integration policies remain chronically underfunded and limited in scope. Local and informal actors such as families and community-based organizations have historically taken on this responsibility. However, as this report explores, new partners are emerging. Mexico's efforts to help its migrants succeed in the United States offer a new example of an immigrant-sending country looking to improve its emigrants' lives and connect with its diaspora. The report examines the evolution of Mexico's approach to its migrants and details the activities of Mexico's Institute of Mexicans Abroad (IME) in a first-ever attempt to map the expanding range of IME educational, health care, financial, and civic engagement programs. Download Report \| Press Release \| Listen/Download Event Audio	Migration and Development: Lessons from the Mexican Experience By Raúl Delgado-Wise, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo, University of California Davis Migration Information Source, February 2007 Mexico has often been cited as a successful example of the positive relationship between migration and development. But Raúl Delgado-Wise and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo show why Mexico's model is unsustainable.
Variable Impacts: State-level Analysis of the Slowdown in the Growth of Remittances to Mexico In 2006, Mexico received an estimated $24.5 billion in remittances -- 11.3 percent of the total $276 billion in remittances worldwide. While migrant remittances to Mexico grew an average of 19.1 percent annually between 2003 and 2006, however, they increased by just 0.6 percent in the first half of 2007 compared to the first half of 2006. A new MPI fact sheet provides a first look remittances to Mexico by state for 2003 to 2007, highlighting the states that may be most severely affected by a slowdown in money coming in from migrants abroad in the first six months of 2007. English \| Español \| Press Release	Remittance Trends in Central America By Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias Migration Information Source, April 2006 In 2004, Central American countries received US$ 7.8 billion in remittances through official channels. Are remittances hurting or helping the region? .
Ecuador: Diversity in Migration By Brad Jokish, Ohio University Migration Information Source, February 2007 Thousands of Ecuadorians live in the United States and Spain, making migration-related development policy a major issue for the government. At the same time, the country has received economic migrants from Peru but has done little to address the Colombian refugee situation. Haga clic para leer el artículo en español.
United States
Learning by Doing: Experiences of Circular Migration By Kathleen Newland, Dovelyn Rannveig Agunias, and Aaron Terrazas Increasingly, policymakers are considering whether circular migration could improve the likelihood that global mobility gains will be shared by migrant-origin and destination countries alike — as well as by migrants themselves. This MPI Insight examines the record of circular migration, both where it has arisen naturally and where governments have taken action to encourage it. Download Report \| Press Release	Remittances By Kevin O'Neil Migration Information Source, June 2003 This article outlines key aspects of remittances from the United States.
US Employment-Based Admissions: Permanent and Temporary By Susan Martin, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University Task Force Policy Brief No. 15, January 2006 The pros and cons of existing temporary worker programs in the United States include giving employers a chance to test employees for their contributions to society and the economy, but in some cases, making temporary workers vulnerable to exploitation because they are dependent on specific employers or jobs for their legal status.	Temporary Worker Programs: A Patchwork Policy Response By Deborah W. Meyers Task Force Insight No. 12, January 2006 In fiscal year 2004, the volume of admissions to the United States for temporary workers, trainees, and their dependants reached nearly 1.5 million people. Within these employment-based visa categories, temporary workers have dramatic variations of stay that range from three months to ten years, and many are transitioning to the permanent system.
The Growing Connection Between Temporary and Permanent Immigration Systems By Jeanne Batalova Task Force Insight No. 14, January 2006 The distinction between temporary and permanent migration, clearly demarcated in past decades, has become increasingly blurred. A new immigrant admissions system has emerged that is neith temporary nor permanent, but rather a transitional system that allows visa holders to prove their worth to employers and the broader economy.	Remittances from the United States in Context By Kevin O'Neil Migration Information Source, June 2003 Kevin O'Neil outlines key aspects of remittances from the United States.